UPS Battery Sizing Guide 2026: Calculate Runtime, Capacity, and Never Under-Spec Again
A UPS system is only as good as its battery bank. Get it wrong and you either overspend or leave your critical equipment exposed. This guide gives you the exact formulas to size any lead-acid UPS battery correctly — with a worked example you can use immediately.
Why UPS Battery Sizing Goes Wrong
The most common sizing mistake: engineers use the UPS’s rated VA or kW as the load, then divide by the battery voltage to get Ah — without accounting for the inverter efficiency, the battery’s discharge characteristics, and the desired runtime.
The result is batteries that last 18 months instead of 5 years, or UPS systems that deliver 8 minutes instead of the 30 minutes required for orderly shutdown.
Southeast Asia Solar Battery Market 2026: Why Lead-Acid Still Dominates — and How Distributors Can Win
The Southeast Asian solar energy storage market is growing at 23% per year. But not every battery technology is winning equally. Here is the data-driven analysis that should shape your sourcing strategy for 2026.
The $27.4 Billion Question
According to Alibaba.com seller data, Southeast Asia represents a $27.4 billion residential solar battery opportunity in 2026. The region’s governments are actively promoting renewable energy — Thailand through feed-in tariffs, the Philippines through net metering reforms, Vietnam through its nationally determined contributions, and Indonesia through its new energy transition fund.
Yet for most distributors in this region, the question is not whether solar batteries will sell — it is which technology and which supplier will give them the best margins.
Why Lead-Acid Is Winning in Southeast Asia Right Now
The dominant battery chemistry in Southeast Asia’s solar storage market is not lithium. It is lead-acid — specifically tubular plate OPzV and AGM batteries. Here is why:
1. Price Sensitivity Is Paramount
Southeast Asian consumers and businesses are intensely price-sensitive. A typical residential solar installation in the Philippines costs $1,500–3,000. A comparable lithium installation starts at $4,000–6,000. The premium is not justified for most household budgets.
Lead-acid batteries deliver usable solar storage at a fraction of the lithium price. For a 5kWh residential system: AGM batteries cost $600–900. Lithium LiFePO4 costs $2,500–4,000 for the same usable capacity.
For distributors, this means: lead-acid batteries are selling. Lithium requires significant customer education and a higher-trust relationship.
2. Heat Tolerance — Designed for Southeast Asian Climates
Southeast Asia’s ambient temperatures routinely exceed 35°C, and battery rooms in industrial settings can reach 45°C+. Lead-acid OPzV batteries with tubular plate technology are specifically engineered for high-temperature operation.
CHISEN Battery OPzV batteries are rated for operation at temperatures up to 45°C without significant capacity derating — a critical specification for distributors selling into Philippine, Thai, and Indonesian markets.
3. Maintenance Networks Already Exist
One of the most underappreciated factors in Southeast Asian battery distribution is the maintenance ecosystem. Auto electricians and battery specialists exist in every city and town across the region. These technicians understand lead-acid batteries intimately — they can test specific gravity, add water, perform equalization charges, and diagnose sulfation.
The same network does not exist for lithium batteries. A lithium battery failure typically requires OEM-level diagnostics and replacement — a capability that does not yet exist outside major cities in most of Southeast Asia.
For distributors, this means: lead-acid batteries have a built-in aftermarket support network that lithium cannot match.
4. Repurposing and Recycling Infrastructure
Lead-acid batteries have a well-established recycling infrastructure throughout Southeast Asia. Used lead-acid batteries are collected, refurbished, and recycled at rates above 95% in most developed Southeast Asian markets. This reduces the total cost of ownership and eliminates end-of-life liability for distributors.
The Market Picture by Country
Philippines
The Philippines leads Southeast Asia in residential solar adoption, driven by the highest electricity costs in the region and frequent grid instability. The Philippines’ net metering reforms (NEP 2024) have accelerated residential solar uptake. Solar batteries for residential backup are in high demand.
Key products: AGM batteries for residential UPS, OPzV for larger commercial installations.
Vietnam
Vietnam’s government has set a target of 31% renewable energy by 2030. Industrial solar installations are growing rapidly. However, Vietnam’s market is highly price-competitive, and Chinese-imported batteries dominate.
Key products: DZF/DMF series for electric vehicle charging stations, OPzV for industrial solar.
Thailand
Thailand’s Egat feed-in tariff program has driven significant investment in solar farms and commercial rooftop installations. Thailand is increasingly a hub for regional distribution.
Key products: OPzV for commercial solar + storage, AGM for industrial UPS.
Indonesia
Indonesia’s energy transition is constrained by geography — thousands of islands make grid extension expensive, driving demand for off-grid solar + battery systems. This is one of the fastest-growing battery markets in Southeast Asia.
Key products: OPzV for telecom tower backup (essential for Indonesian telecom operators), solar home systems with AGM batteries.
What Distributors Are Actually Buying
Based on CHISEN Battery’s 15+ years serving Southeast Asian distributors, the fastest-growing product categories for 2026 are:
Electric Forklift Battery Guide 2026: How to Choose, Operate, and Cut Costs by 30%
A complete guide for warehouse managers, logistics operators, and equipment procurement teams. Includes battery types, sizing, charging best practices, and a cost-per-cycle analysis.
Battery Sulfation: Why Your Lead-Acid Battery Died Before Its Time — And How to Bring It Back
Every year, thousands of lead-acid batteries are replaced unnecessarily. In most cases, the underlying cause is sulfation — and early-stage sulfation is often reversible. Here is what the industry doesn’t tell you.
Solar-powered street lighting is one of the fastest-growing applications for deep cycle batteries globally. With over 100 million solar street lights installed worldwide, the market for reliable solar street light batteries continues to expand rapidly.
Why Solar Street Lights Need Special Batteries
Solar street lights operate a unique duty cycle: deep discharge every night followed by partial daytime recharge. They face temperature extremes (-20C to +45C), limited ventilation, and remote locations where maintenance is expensive. A standard automotive starting battery would fail within months.
VRLA AGM: The Cost-Effective Default
Sealed, maintenance-free — no watering
Install in any orientation
Vibration and shock resistant
Wide temperature range (-20C to +50C)
Low self-discharge for seasonal use
Cost-effective for budget projects
LFP Lithium: Premium for Long-Term Projects
5-8 year warranty versus 2-3 years for VRLA
10+ year design life versus 3-5 years for VRLA
95% round-trip efficiency versus 85% for VRLA
Smaller, lighter for equivalent capacity
Battery Sizing Formula
Capacity (Ah) = LED Power (W) x Hours x Days / (Voltage x System Efficiency x Allowable DoD)
Common Configurations
6V 200Ah VRLA: 30-60W LED street lights
12V 100Ah VRLA: 60-100W LED street lights
48V 50Ah LFP: 100W+ LED premium systems
For solar street light battery specifications: sales@chisen.cn
Electric scooter battery guide lead acid vs lithium fleet TCO 2026
The Global Electric Scooter Market and Why Battery Choice Determines Everything
Electric scooters are the world’s most popular form of personal electric transport. From shared fleet scooters in Berlin and Mexico City to personal vehicles across Lagos, Manila, and Bangkok, the battery is the component that defines performance, range, and total cost of ownership. Understanding the differences between battery chemistries and configurations allows fleet operators and distributors to make procurement decisions that minimize total cost while maximizing uptime.
Electric Scooter Battery Chemistries Compared
Lead-Acid EVF (The Value Standard)
Lead-acid batteries power the majority of electric scooters globally — particularly in price-sensitive markets. The technology is mature, the supply chain is deep, and the upfront cost is 3–6× lower than lithium alternatives. For distributors and fleet operators where unit economics are tight, lead-acid remains the rational choice.
| Specification | Chemistry | FOB Price (CNY) | FOB Price (USD) | Weight | Range (est.) | |—|—|—|—|—|—| | 48V 12Ah | Lead-acid EVF | ¥180–260 | $26–37 | 12–15 kg | 25–35 km | | 48V 15Ah | Lead-acid EVF | ¥220–320 | $31–46 | 15–18 kg | 30–45 km | | 48V 20Ah | Lead-acid EVF | ¥280–400 | $40–57 | 20–24 kg | 40–55 km | | 48V 30Ah | Lead-acid EVF | ¥420–600 | $60–86 | 28–35 kg | 55–75 km | | 60V 20Ah | Lead-acid EVF | ¥320–460 | $46–66 | 20–25 kg | 35–50 km | | 60V 30Ah | Lead-acid EVF | ¥460–660 | $66–94 | 28–35 kg | 50–70 km | | 72V 20Ah | Lead-acid EVF | ¥420–600 | $60–86 | 22–28 kg | 30–45 km | | 72V 30Ah | Lead-acid EVF | ¥620–880 | $89–126 | 32–40 kg | 50–70 km |
Lithium LiFePO4 (The Long-Term Play)
For shared fleet operators, lithium batteries offer dramatically lower total cost of ownership despite the higher purchase price — fewer battery swaps, less downtime, and longer service life.
| Specification | Chemistry | FOB Price (CNY) | FOB Price (USD) | Weight | Range (est.) | |—|—|—|—|—|—| | 48V 15Ah | LiFePO4 | ¥620–900 | $89–129 | 4–6 kg | 40–55 km | | 48V 20Ah | LiFePO4 | ¥760–1,100 | $109–157 | 5–8 kg | 55–70 km | | 48V 30Ah | LiFePO4 | ¥1,050–1,500 | $150–214 | 8–12 kg | 75–100 km | | 60V 20Ah | LiFePO4 | ¥850–1,220 | $121–174 | 6–9 kg | 40–55 km | | 60V 30Ah | LiFePO4 | ¥1,220–1,750 | $174–250 | 9–14 kg | 60–80 km | | 72V 30Ah | LiFePO4 | ¥1,350–1,950 | $193–279 | 10–15 kg | 55–75 km |
Total Cost of Ownership: Lead-Acid vs Lithium for Fleet Operators
This is the calculation that matters for shared fleet operators — not upfront cost, but cost per kilometer over the battery’s lifetime.
Fleet scenario: 100 electric scooters, 50km average daily use per scooter
| Cost Item | Lead-Acid (48V 20Ah) | LiFePO4 (48V 20Ah) | |—|—|—| | Purchase price | ¥280–400 | ¥760–1,100 | | Battery life (cycles) | 400–600 | 2,000–3,000 | | Range per charge | 40 km | 55 km | | Batteries needed per year | 3.4 batteries | 0.5 batteries | | Annual battery cost | ¥1,050–1,500 | ¥450–650 | | Annual charging energy cost | ¥730 | ¥525 | | Annual maintenance cost | ¥150 | ¥50 | | Annual total cost per scooter | ¥1,930–2,380 | ¥1,025–1,225 | | 5-year total cost per scooter | ¥9,650–11,900 | ¥5,125–6,125 |
LiFePO4 costs 45–50% less over 5 years despite the higher purchase price.
Sizing an Electric Scooter Battery Pack
Calculate daily range requirement
Multiply average daily trip distance by 1.3 for safety margin and variable conditions.
Example: Daily use = 40km average → Required range = 40 × 1.3 = 52km
Match battery voltage to motor controller
This is critical — mismatching voltage will damage equipment:
48V battery → requires 48V motor controller
60V battery → requires 60V motor controller
72V battery → requires 72V motor controller
Calculate required capacity
Battery capacity (Wh) = Motor watts × hours of operation ÷ inverter efficiency
Common Mistakes When Sourcing Electric Scooter Batteries
Mistake 1: Specifying a battery without checking the BMS current rating A BMS rated at 20A will fail prematurely on a 500W (10.4A continuous) system if the controller allows burst currents above 20A. Specify BMS current at minimum 1.5× the controller’s peak current rating.
Mistake 2: Ordering without requesting dimensional drawings Electric scooter battery compartments are size-constrained. Always confirm dimensions before ordering — custom packs require longer lead times and higher minimum orders.
Mistake 3: Not specifying the connector type Battery connectors vary widely between manufacturers. Specify the exact connector model or send a sample with your order to ensure compatibility.
Mistake 4: Ignoring cold-weather performance Lead-acid batteries lose approximately 20% of capacity at 0°C and up to 40% at −20°C. For cold-climate markets, specify cold-weather rated batteries or consider lithium.
CHISEN Battery Electric Scooter Battery Range
CHISEN Battery supplies electric scooter manufacturers and fleet operators globally:
Prepared by the CHISEN Battery technical writing team. CHISEN Battery is a professional lead-acid and lithium battery manufacturer in China, ISO 9001 / CE / UL certified, exporting to 50+ countries worldwide.
Why Forklift Batteries Require Completely Different Specifications Than Any Other Application
A forklift battery is arguably the most demanding deep-cycle application in industry. Unlike solar or UPS batteries that are discharged to a controlled depth, forklift batteries face variable depth of discharge based on shift patterns, opportunity charging that interrupts natural cycling rhythms, high vibration environments, and the need to deliver sustained high current for lifting operations. Getting the battery right determines whether your warehouse operation runs efficiently or bleeds money through downtime and premature replacements.
Forklift Battery Types: Which Technology for Which Application
Lead-Acid EVF (Flooded)
The most common forklift battery type globally. Proven technology, low upfront cost, widely available. Requires regular watering and equalization maintenance.
| Forklift Class | System Voltage | Typical Capacity | Recommended Battery Config | FOB Price (CNY) | |—|—|—|—|—| | Class I: 1–3 tonne electric counterbalance | 48V | 400–600Ah | 24 × 2V cells | ¥28,000–48,000/set | | Class I: 3–5 tonne heavy electric | 80V | 600–900Ah | 40 × 2V cells | ¥48,000–80,000/set | | Class II: Narrow aisle reach trucks | 36V | 300–500Ah | 18 × 2V cells | ¥18,000–32,000/set | | Class III: Walkie pallet jacks | 24V | 200–400Ah | 12 × 2V cells | ¥10,000–18,000/set |
Lithium LiFePO4 (Fastest Growing)
Zero maintenance, opportunity charging capability, and 8–10 year service life make lithium increasingly compelling for multi-shift operations despite the higher upfront cost.
For single-shift operations: Lead-acid remains the most cost-effective choice.
For two-or-more-shift operations: Lithium opportunity charging eliminates battery swapping downtime and reduces total cost of ownership despite the higher purchase price.
How to Size a Forklift Battery
Step 1: Calculate daily energy demand
Daily Ah needed = (Motor watts × Shift hours) ÷ System voltage ÷ 0.85 (inverter efficiency) ÷ 0.80 (usable DoD)
Check water level before charging (not after — electrolytes expand when charging)
Top up with distilled or deionized water only — tap water introduces minerals
Inspect battery connector for heat discoloration
Ensure the battery is properly locked in the tray before operation
DON’T:
Add water during or immediately after charging
Operate the forklift if the battery indicator shows below 20% charge
Use a damaged connector or cable
Leave the battery connected when the forklift is not in use for extended periods
Monthly maintenance (technician — 30 minutes)
Measure and record specific gravity of each cell
Perform equalization charge (1.5× normal charge, 2–3 hours)
Inspect and clean terminals and connectors
Check battery compartment ventilation is unobstructed
Common Forklift Battery Mistakes That Cost Thousands
Mistake 1: Under-sizing the battery for the shift Buying a smaller battery to save money, then discharging it beyond 50% DoD daily, which cuts cycle life from 1,500+ cycles to 600–800 cycles.
Mistake 2: Not planning for the battery compartment dimensions Battery compartment dimensions must accommodate the cell footprint and lifting eyes. Always request dimensional drawings before ordering.
Mistake 3: Using starting batteries instead of deep cycle Starting batteries have thin plates designed for brief high-current discharge — they fail within weeks in forklift applications.
Mistake 4: Charging in unventilated spaces Lead-acid charging releases hydrogen gas. Charging areas must meet IEC 62485-2 ventilation requirements. Hydrogen concentrations above 4% create explosion risk.
CHISEN Battery Forklift Battery Range
CHISEN Battery supplies forklift batteries for all major brands and configurations:
EVF deep cycle lead-acid cells: 2V 200Ah–1,600Ah, compatible with all major forklift brands
Pre-assembled 48V, 72V, 80V battery packs: Fully assembled and tested, ready to install
LiFePO4 lithium packs: 48V and 80V systems with integrated BMS and opportunity charging capability
Custom configurations: Built to your forklift’s voltage, capacity, and dimensional requirements
Charger compatibility guidance: Full technical support to ensure battery-charger matching
Certifications: CE, ISO9001, UKAS
Sample lead time: 7 days for standard specs; 20 days for custom configurations
Send your forklift brand, model, system voltage, and shift pattern for a sizing recommendation: 📧 jack@chisen.cn | WhatsApp: +86 131 6622 6999 | www.chisen.cn
Need help selecting the right battery for your application?
CHISEN Battery provides free sizing consultation and technical support for distributors and EPC contractors worldwide. Response within 24 hours.
Prepared by the CHISEN Battery technical writing team. CHISEN Battery is a professional lead-acid and lithium battery manufacturer in China, ISO 9001 / CE / UL certified, exporting to 50+ countries worldwide.
Why Golf Cart Batteries Are Different From Every Other Battery Application
A golf cart battery faces a unique combination of demands: frequent deep discharge on undulating terrain, extended periods of stationary discharge while parked on the course, opportunity charging between holes, and high current draw during acceleration. Most batteries fail these conditions within 18 months. The right battery, properly specified, will last 4–6 years. This guide explains exactly how to get there.
Golf Cart Battery Voltage Configurations Explained
Before anything else: confirm your golf cart’s system voltage. This determines everything else.
Most common mistake: Mixing 6V and 12V batteries in the same cart. All batteries in a series string must be identical — same voltage, same capacity, same age.
Golf Cart Battery Types Compared
Flooded Lead-Acid (Standard Choice)
The dominant battery type for golf courses globally. Requires monthly watering maintenance but offers the lowest cost per cycle when properly cared for.
Lead-acid golf cart batteries are typically rated at the 20-hour discharge rate (C20). A 225Ah battery tested at C20 (11.25A for 20 hours) will show approximately 180Ah when discharged at 50A (typical golf cart use) due to the Peukert effect.
Golf Cart Battery Maintenance Schedule
Monthly (flooded lead-acid)
Check water level in each cell — top up with distilled water only
Inspect terminals for corrosion — clean with baking soda solution if needed
Check that all inter-battery connectors are tight
Apply anti-corrosion spray to terminals
Quarterly
Perform an equalization charge (controlled overcharge to balance all cells)
Measure specific gravity of each cell with a hydrometer
Record readings to track degradation over time
Annual
Load test the battery bank
Inspect battery case for cracks or swelling
Check voltage balance of each battery in the string
Charging Best Practices for Golf Cart Batteries
Do:
Charge after every use — never leave batteries in a discharged state
Use a golf cart-specific charger with the correct voltage profile
Charge in a ventilated area (lead-acid batteries release hydrogen gas when charging)
Unplug the charger once the battery reaches full charge
Don’t:
Charge a frozen battery — always warm batteries to above freezing before charging
Use a car battery charger on golf cart batteries — wrong voltage profile
Charge beyond the bulk voltage limit — causes gassing and water loss
Disconnect the battery string while the charger is still running
Prepared by the CHISEN Battery technical writing team. CHISEN Battery is a professional lead-acid and lithium battery manufacturer in China, ISO 9001 / CE / UL certified, exporting to 50+ countries worldwide.
Solar battery sizing guide 2026 how to size battery bank correctly
Why Sizing a Solar Battery Correctly Matters More Than Anything Else
A solar battery system that is undersized will leave you without power. One that is oversized costs significantly more than necessary. Getting the sizing right — based on real data, not rules of thumb — is the single most important step in any solar project specification.
Step 1: Define Your Daily Energy Requirement
List every load in the system. For each load, multiply power draw (watts) by hours of use per day.
Example — small commercial solar system (resort in the Philippines):
This is the minimum energy the battery must supply during periods without solar generation.
Step 2: Determine Required Days of Autonomy
Autonomy = number of cloudy days the battery must bridge without solar input.
| Application | Recommended Autonomy | Typical Scenario | |—|—|—| | Grid-tied with backup | 1 day | Grid fails, generator starts | | Off-grid with generator backup | 2–3 days | Multi-day cloudy period | | Remote off-grid (no generator) | 3–5 days | Remote telecom, monitoring station | | Critical infrastructure | 5–7 days | Hospital, data center |
For most commercial solar projects, 2 days autonomy is the practical minimum.
Step 3: Size the Battery Bank for Depth of Discharge Limit
Batteries should never be regularly discharged below their recommended depth of discharge (DoD) limit. Operating beyond DoD dramatically reduces cycle life.
| Battery Type | Recommended Max DoD | Design DoD for Daily Cycling | |—|—|—| | Flooded lead-acid | 50% | 50% | | AGM VRLA | 50–60% | 50% | | OPzV tubular gel | 60–80% | 50–60% | | LiFePO4 | 80% | 80% |
Battery bank size formula: Required bank (kWh) = Daily usage (kWh) × Autonomy (days) ÷ Max DoD
Example: 18kWh/day, 2 days autonomy, OPzV gel at 60% DoD = 18 × 2 ÷ 0.60 = 60kWh battery bank
Step 4: Convert kWh to Battery Units
OPzV tubular gel cells (2V)
For a 48V system: 48V = 24 cells × 2V
To get 60kWh at 48V: → 60kWh ÷ 48V = 1,250Ah required → Recommended: 24 × 2V 1,500Ah OPzV cells
Lead-acid blocs (12V × 4 = 48V)
For a 48V system: 4 × 12V blocs in series
To get 60kWh at 48V: → 60kWh ÷ 48V = 1,250Ah required → Recommended: 4 × 12V 1,250Ah lead-acid blocs (or 4 × 12V 1,000Ah + 8 × 2V cells for a larger bank)
Step 5: Solar Panel Sizing
The solar array must be large enough to recharge the battery each day AND supply the daily load simultaneously.
Recharge requirement: Panel array (W) = Battery bank (kWh) × 1.2 (charging losses) ÷ Peak sun hours × Days to recharge target
For 18kWh/day load in the Philippines (average 4.5 peak sun hours):
Array needed for daily load: 18kWh ÷ 4.5h = 4,000W
Array needed to recharge 60kWh bank in 1 day: 60kWh × 1.2 ÷ 4.5h = 16,000W
Minimum recommended array: 16kWp (to fully recharge battery while powering loads on a cloudy day)
Solar Battery Sizing Examples
Residential off-grid (Philippines, family of 4)
Loads: 10kWh/day Autonomy: 2 days Battery: 48V LiFePO4 at 80% DoD → 10 × 2 ÷ 0.80 = 25kWh bank → 48V 400Ah LiFePO4 system Array: 5kW (to recharge in 1 day with loads)
Commercial solar storage (Kenya, safari lodge)
Loads: 30kWh/day Autonomy: 3 days Battery: 48V OPzV gel at 60% DoD → 30 × 3 ÷ 0.60 = 150kWh bank → 48V OPzV system with 24 × 2V 1,500Ah cells Array: 15kW
Telecom tower (Nigeria, off-grid mast)
Loads: 8kWh/day (typical LTE tower) Autonomy: 5 days (remote location) Battery: 48V OPzV gel at 60% DoD → 8 × 5 ÷ 0.60 = 66.7kWh → 48V 1,000Ah OPzV system Array: 4kW with 48-hour recharge target
Key Sizing Mistakes to Avoid
Mistake 1: Not accounting for inverter efficiency Battery kWh ÷ inverter efficiency = usable AC kWh. A 90% efficient inverter means 10% of your battery capacity is lost before it reaches your loads. Size battery and inverter together.
Mistake 2: Ignoring temperature derating Battery capacity falls at low temperatures. A lead-acid battery bank rated at 25°C delivers only 70–80% of rated capacity at 0°C. For outdoor installations in cold climates, increase battery bank size accordingly.
Mistake 3: Oversizing for future loads you never add Adding planned capacity during system design is prudent — but do not double the battery size “just in case.” Size for the loads you actually have, and add a 20% contingency instead.
Mistake 4: Ignoring the charge controller’s current limit A 100A MPPT charge controller can only accept a limited solar array size regardless of battery capacity. Array watts ÷ battery voltage = maximum charge current. Do not exceed the controller’s current rating.
CHISEN Battery Solar Storage Solutions
CHISEN Battery supplies battery banks for solar installations from residential to utility scale:
OPzV tubular gel series: 2V 100–3,000Ah — the standard for commercial and utility solar storage
AGM VRLA battery banks: Pre-assembled 24V, 48V, and 96V packs for commercial buildings
LiFePO4 energy storage systems: 48V residential and custom rack systems for C&I projects
Containerized energy storage: Complete 100kWh–2MWh container solutions available
Technical support: Free battery sizing service — send your daily load profile and location for a sizing recommendation
Prepared by the CHISEN Battery technical writing team. CHISEN Battery is a professional lead-acid and lithium battery manufacturer in China, ISO 9001 / CE / UL certified, exporting to 50+ countries worldwide.
