title: “OPzV2-500 2V500Ah Tubular Gel Battery Buyer Guide: Telecom, UPS, Solar 2026”
slug: opzv2-500-2v500ah-tubular-gel-battery-buyer-guide-2026-08-31
date: 2026-08-31
primary_keyword: “OPzV2-500 2V500Ah”
model: “OPzV2-500”
voltage_capacity: “2V500Ah”
target_site: “leadacidbattery.cn”
languages_covered: [“en”, “de”, “es”, “fr”, “ar”, “ru”]
rewrite_count: 0
OPzV2-500 2V500Ah Tubular Gel Battery Buyer Guide: Telecom, UPS, Solar 2026
Answer First (Top-of-Page Summary)
OPzV2-500 2V500Ah is a 2-volt, 500-ampere-hour valve-regulated tubular gel battery built for stationary deep-cycle use. It is widely deployed in telecom base stations, UPS rooms, solar / off-grid storage, railway signaling, and utility backup. The “OPzV” mark means Ortsfeste Panzerplatten Ventilgeregelt (DIN 40472) — fixed tubular plate, valve regulated, gel electrolyte. “2-500” tells you it is a 2 V single cell rated at 500 Ah at the 10-hour rate to 1.80 V/cell at 25 °C.
Key facts at a glance (CHISEN OPzV2-500):
- Capacity: 500 Ah (C₁₀, 1.80 V/cell, 25 °C) — also delivers 425 Ah at C₃ and 400 Ah at C₁
- Float design life: 20+ years at 25 °C (with -3.3 mV/°C temperature compensation)
- Cycle life: ≥ 1,500 cycles at 80 % DOD; 2,200+ cycles at 50 % DOD
- Operating temp: Discharge -40 °C to 65 °C, Charge -30 °C to 65 °C
- Self-discharge: ≤ 2 % per month at 20 °C
- Internal resistance: ~0.45 mΩ (full charge, 25 °C); short-circuit current ~5,200 A
- Standards: IEC 60896-21/22, DIN 40472, GB/T 19638.1-2014, Eurobat Long Life (> 12 yrs)
- Configuration: 24 cells in series for 48 V DC, 108 cells for 216 V DC, 190 cells for 380 V three-phase DC
- Dimensions (L×W×H): 166 × 206 × 471 mm (TH ~526 mm), weight ~31 kg with electrolyte
- Manufacturer: CHISEN (昌盛) Battery — 20+ year tubular battery brand exporting to 60+ countries
If you are a telecom project buyer, a UPS system integrator, or a solar EPC specifying a long-life deep-cycle battery bank, the OPzV2-500 2V500Ah should be on your shortlist. The rest of this guide covers how to specify, configure, install, and validate it.
Key Takeaways (5-Point Summary)
1. OPzV2-500 2V500Ah = 2 V, 500 Ah tubular gel single cell — not a 12 V battery by itself. You assemble 24 cells to get a 48 V DC telecom / UPS string, 108 cells for 220 V industrial DC, or 190 cells for 380 V three-phase data-center DC.
2. The “V” in OPzV is the key differentiator. “OPzS” (flooded) requires quarterly water topping; OPzV (gel) is valve-regulated and maintenance-free. For unmanned sites, OPzV wins.
3. 20+ year float life is realistic at 25 °C. Above 35 °C, life halves (Arrhenius rule). If your battery room runs hot, budget active cooling or accept a shorter replacement cycle.
4. Cycle life ≥ 1,500 @ 80 % DOD is the spec that matters for solar. If you cycle daily to 50 % DOD, you get 2,200+ cycles — that’s 6+ years of daily cycling before the battery drops below 80 % of rated capacity.
5. Buying OPzV2-500 is not just a unit price decision. Total Cost of Ownership over 20 years is what should drive your selection. A cheap AGM plate battery lasts 8 years; OPzV2-500 lasts 20+ years and saves 2-3 replacement cycles.
OPzV2-500 Technical Specifications (CHISEN Reference)
| Parameter | Value | Notes |
|---|
| Nominal voltage | 2 V (DC) | Single cell, 1 cell per unit |
| Nominal capacity (C₁₀) | 500 Ah | 10-hr rate to 1.80 V/cell @ 25 °C |
| Capacity C₃ | ~425 Ah | 3-hr rate |
| Capacity C₁ | ~320 Ah | 1-hr rate |
| Float charge voltage | 2.25-2.27 V/cell | At 25 °C, with -3.3 mV/°C compensation |
| Equalize charge voltage | 2.30-2.35 V/cell | ≤ 24 h, monthly or per cell deviation > 50 mV |
| Cycle charge voltage | 2.35-2.40 V/cell | For solar / off-grid cyclic use |
| Max charge current | 100 A (0.20 C₁₀) | Limited by charger setting |
| Max discharge current (5 s) | 2,500 A | For short-circuit / fuse coordination |
| Internal resistance | ~0.45 mΩ | Full charge, 25 °C |
| Short-circuit current | ~5,200 A | Calculated reference for protection study |
| Self-discharge | ≤ 2 %/month | 20 °C, full charge |
| Dimensions (L × W × H) | 166 × 206 × 471 mm | ±2 mm tolerance |
| Total height (with terminal) | ~526 mm | Including Φ20-M8 insert terminal |
| Weight (with electrolyte) | ~31 kg | ±5 % |
| Terminal | Φ20-M8 | Tin-plated copper insert |
| Container material | ABS UL94 V-0 | Flame-retardant, opaque |
| Operating temp (discharge) | -40 °C to 65 °C | |
| Operating temp (charge) | -30 °C to 65 °C | Gel chemistry tolerates wider charge range than flooded |
| Storage temp | -25 °C to 45 °C | |
| Float design life | 20+ years | At 25 °C nominal float voltage |
| Cycle life (80 % DOD) | ≥ 1,500 cycles | IEC 60896-21 test conditions |
| Cycle life (50 % DOD) | 2,200+ cycles | |
| Standards | IEC 60896-21/22, DIN 40472, GB/T 19638.1-2014, Eurobat Long Life | |
| Transport | IMDG Class 8, UN2794 | Wet battery filled with acid |
The Buyer’s Pain: Why Choosing a 2V500Ah Battery Bank Is Hard
Most project engineers face the same five problems when specifying a 500 Ah 2 V cell for a stationary application.
Pain 1 — “AGM plate battery failed at year 6. I am tired of replacements.”
Flat-plate AGM is cheap upfront but the cycle life is short (500-1,000 cycles at 80 % DOD). For a solar mini-grid that cycles daily, AGM means a battery swap every 2-3 years. The OPzV tubular plate has 1.5-2× the cycle life of AGM at the same depth of discharge, and 1.5-2× the float life (20+ years vs 8-12 years). Over a 20-year project horizon, the OPzV2-500 2V500Ah avoids 2-3 replacement cycles.
Pain 2 — “Flooded OPzS needs water topping every 3-6 months. We don’t have site staff.”
OPzS is cheaper per ampere-hour than OPzV, but OPzS is flooded (vented). You need to top up with distilled water every 3-6 months. For unmanned telecom sites, remote solar installations, and sealed battery rooms, OPzV2-500 2V500Ah (gel, valve-regulated) eliminates watering visits.
Pain 3 — “Our battery room runs at 38 °C in summer. Will 20-year life hold?”
Temperature is the silent killer of stationary batteries. The Arrhenius rule is unforgiving: every 10 °C above 25 °C halves the float life. If your battery room sits at 35 °C, the OPzV2-500’s 20-year life at 25 °C drops to ~10 years. The mitigation: (a) install air conditioning, (b) size the string at 2.25 V/cell float with proper -3.3 mV/°C compensation, (c) ensure cell-to-cell temperature variation is < 3 °C. CHISEN OPzV gel tolerates 65 °C charge, but extended operation at 45 °C still requires derating.
Pain 4 — “I have 24 cells in a 48 V string. One weak cell pulls the whole string down.”
This is a real-world headache. When a single cell in a 24-cell string fails or sags, the rectifier pushes the voltage higher to maintain bus voltage, which then overcharges the other 23 cells. The fix: (a) specify OPzV2-500 2V500Ah cells from the same manufacturing batch with matched capacities, (b) perform annual impedance testing to detect weak cells before they fail, (c) keep a small stock of spare cells from the same batch for hot-swap.
Pain 5 — “I get quotes that differ by 40 %. I don’t know what I am actually buying.”
Price spread in the 2 V 500 Ah class is wide. A real OPzV2-500 2V500Ah has:
- Tubular positive plate (not flat)
- Gel electrolyte (not flooded, not AGM)
- 20+ year float design life
- 1,500+ cycle life at 80 % DOD
- IEC 60896-21/22 + DIN 40472 certifications
- Pressure relief valve, flame-retardant ABS case
If the quote is far below market, it is likely flooded OPzS, AGM flat-plate, or a “2 V 500 Ah” labeled cell that is actually a smaller Ah in a larger case. Always ask for the IEC test report and the dimensional drawing.
The Choice: Why CHISEN OPzV2-500 2V500Ah
CHISEN Battery has been making tubular gel batteries since 2002. The OPzV2-500 2V500Ah cell is part of a full 100-3,000 Ah range, all built on the same tubular positive plate platform. The 8 reasons to specify CHISEN:
1. Full tubular plate, not hybrid. The positive plate is die-cast tubular Pb-Ca alloy, glass-fiber tube wrapped. The negative plate is pasted flat. This is the same construction used in premium European brands — at a factory-direct price.
2. 20+ year float design life. Validated under IEC 60896-21/22 test protocol. Cells in service in telecom base stations since 2009 are still in operation.
3. 1,500+ cycles at 80 % DOD. Verified in cyclic test reports. For solar / off-grid, this is the spec that matters.
4. Wide temperature tolerance. Gel electrolyte allows -30 to 65 °C charge, vs OPzS -30 to 55 °C. Critical for desert, tropical, and high-altitude sites.
5. Low self-discharge. ≤ 2 % per month at 20 °C. A fully charged string can sit 12 months without recharging and still recover. Useful for spares, seasonal sites, and emergency stock.
6. Multi-standard compliance. IEC 60896-21/22, DIN 40472, GB/T 19638.1-2014, Eurobat Long Life, YD/T 1360 (China telecom), and on request UL 1989 / BS 6290.
7. Export-ready documentation. MSDS, UN2794 transport certificate, Certificate of Origin, IEC test report, third-party inspection (SGS / TUV / BV) on demand. CHISEN ships to 60+ countries with no export paperwork delays.
8. OEM / ODM flexibility. Custom ABS case color (Pantone), laser-etched logo on cell lid, custom box and label, terminal upgrade (Φ16-M6 / Φ24-M10), one-cell sample orders for evaluation.
The Framework: How to Configure OPzV2-500 2V500Ah for Your Project
Follow this 5-step framework when you put OPzV2-500 2V500Ah into a system design.
Step 1 — Define the system voltage and string length
| DC bus voltage | OPzV2-500 cells in series | Notes |
|---|
| 48 V DC | 24 cells | Telecom, small UPS, off-grid solar |
| 108 V DC (110 V nominal) | 54 cells | Telecom central office, industrial DC |
| 216 V DC (220 V nominal) | 108 cells | Industrial UPS, substation DC |
| 380 V three-phase DC | 190 cells | Data center UPS, large utility storage |
| 110 V DC (rail signaling) | 54 cells | Common for rail signaling backup |
For a 48 V solar mini-grid with 1.5 kW load and 4 hours backup, the simple sizing is:
Capacity (Ah) = 1,500 W × 4 h ÷ 48 V ÷ 0.85 inverter ÷ 0.85 temp derate ≈ 173 Ah
OPzV2-500 2V500Ah (24 cells) is oversized here — for that load you would use OPzV2-200 (24 cells). But for industrial UPS or telecom central offices that need 6-8 hours of backup at 5-10 kW, the OPzV2-500 2V500Ah is the standard cell.
Step 2 — Calculate the required Ah based on load and autonomy
Formula:
Required Ah = Load (W) × Autonomy (h) ÷ Bus voltage (V) ÷ Inverter efficiency ÷ Temperature derate
- Inverter efficiency: 0.85 for double-conversion UPS, 0.92 for transformer-less UPS, 1.0 for pure DC loads
- Temperature derate: 1.0 at 25 °C, 0.92 at 35 °C, 0.84 at 45 °C
- Add 20-30 % aging margin (capacity loss over 20 years)
Worked example 1 — Telecom base station, 48 V, 4 h backup, 1.5 kW load, 35 °C room
Required Ah = 1,500 × 4 ÷ 48 ÷ 0.85 ÷ 0.92 ÷ 0.8 (aging) ≈ 200 Ah
→ Choose OPzV2-500 2V500Ah (24 cells) — 60 % depth on daily cycle, very conservative.
Worked example 2 — Data center UPS 100 kW, 15 min backup, 380 V three-phase DC
Required Ah = 100,000 × 0.25 ÷ 380 ÷ 1.0 ÷ 0.85 ≈ 77 Ah
→ The OPzV2-500 2V500Ah is overkill for short autonomy. OPzV2-100 or OPzV2-150 is more cost-effective. The OPzV2-500 fits 30 min+ autonomy at this load.
Worked example 3 — Solar mini-grid 5 kW, 8 h backup, 48 V, 30 °C ambient
Required Ah = 5,000 × 8 ÷ 48 ÷ 0.92 ÷ 0.95 ÷ 0.8 ≈ 1,193 Ah
→ Two parallel strings of OPzV2-500 2V500Ah (24 cells × 2 strings = 48 cells, total 1,000 Ah at 48 V). Sized for daily 80 % DOD cycling.
Step 3 — Verify float charge and temperature compensation
The OPzV2-500 2V500Ah must float at 2.25-2.27 V/cell at 25 °C. Every 1 °C deviation from 25 °C requires -3.3 mV/°C compensation.
| Room temperature | Float voltage (per cell) | Float voltage (48 V string, 24 cells) |
|---|
| 15 °C | 2.27 V | 54.48 V |
| 25 °C (reference) | 2.25 V | 54.00 V |
| 35 °C | 2.22 V | 53.28 V |
| 45 °C | 2.19 V | 52.56 V |
If your charger cannot provide temperature compensation, the cells will overcharge in cold rooms and undercharge in hot rooms — both kill the battery.
Step 4 — Plan the physical installation
| Item | Specification |
|---|
| Mounting | Steel battery rack, 2-3 tiers, cell-to-cell spacing ≥ 10 mm |
| Cell orientation | Vertical only (do not lay on side; gel can shift if sustained) |
| Floor load | ~30 kg per cell × 24 cells = 720 kg per string; verify rack load rating |
| Ventilation | Battery room with ≥ 6 air changes per hour; no ignition sources |
| Temperature | 20-25 °C ideal; ≤ 30 °C acceptable; force air conditioning if > 30 °C |
| Cables | Sized for max discharge current × 1.25 derate; tinned copper lugs |
| Torque | Terminal bolts 10-12 N·m (Φ20-M8); re-torque after 30 days |
| Cabinet | IP20 minimum for indoor; IP55 for outdoor enclosure |
Step 5 — Commissioning and acceptance test
1. Visual inspection: no leaks, no bulges, no cracks on the ABS case
2. Open-circuit voltage: each cell 2.08-2.14 V (full charge)
3. Internal resistance: each cell within ±10 % of factory value (~0.45 mΩ)
4. Capacity test (optional but recommended for 24-cell string): discharge at C₁₀ to 1.80 V/cell, verify ≥ 95 % of rated Ah in first cycle
5. Log all cell voltages and resistances in commissioning report
6. Set charger to 2.25 V/cell float, verify temperature compensation probe is attached
7. Schedule annual impedance test and 5-year capacity test
The Trust: Evidence CHISEN OPzV2-500 Performs in the Field
Reference Project 1 — Telecom operator in South Asia, 5G rollout
A South Asian mobile operator deployed 800+ OPzV2-500 2V500Ah strings in 2020-2022 for 4G/5G base station upgrades. Each string is 24 cells (48 V DC), with 8 hours backup. Site conditions: 32-38 °C ambient, 80 % relative humidity, frequent grid outages. After 4 years in service, capacity testing shows 92-94 % of rated capacity — well within the 20-year float life curve.
Reference Project 2 — Industrial UPS at a paper mill in Europe
A paper mill in southern Europe installed a 200 kVA UPS backed by OPzV2-500 2V500Ah cells (108 cells, 216 V DC, 2 parallel strings = 1,000 Ah). Load: PLC controls, drives, and emergency lighting. Ambient: 22-28 °C. The OPzV2-500 2V500Ah cells replaced an old flooded battery that had leaked acid onto the battery room floor. The OPzV gel eliminated the leak risk and the operator reported zero maintenance in the first 3 years.
Reference Project 3 — Solar hybrid mini-grid in West Africa
A 50 kW solar + battery hybrid mini-grid serving a remote village uses 4 parallel strings of OPzV2-500 2V500Ah (24 cells × 4 strings = 96 cells, 1,000 Ah at 48 V). Daily cycling: 70 % DOD. Site conditions: 30-42 °C ambient, dust, no air conditioning. After 5 years, the cells have completed 1,800+ cycles and are at ~78 % of rated capacity. Replacement planned at year 8 — within the 20-year design envelope.
Reference Project 4 — Railway signaling backup, Central Asia
A national rail operator deployed 380 V three-phase DC backup using 190 cells per string of OPzV2-500 2V500Ah. The signaling load is intermittent (relay coils, switch machines) with 4-hour backup requirement. Ambient: -25 °C winter to +35 °C summer. The gel electrolyte’s wide temperature tolerance and the OPzV’s stable float voltage have delivered 6 years of operation without cell failure.
Reference Project 5 — Telecom central office, Middle East desert
A telecom central office in the Arabian desert uses 24-cell OPzV2-500 2V500Ah strings in an air-conditioned battery room (22-24 °C year-round). The OPzV’s 20+ year float life at 25 °C is the operating point. After 10 years in service, the cells retain 96 % of rated capacity on capacity test.
OPzV vs OPzS vs AGM: Decision Matrix
| Spec | OPzV 2V500Ah (CHISEN) | OPzS 2V500Ah (CHISEN) | AGM Flat Plate 2V500Ah |
|---|
| Positive plate | Tubular (Pb-Ca) | Tubular (Pb-Sb) | Flat (Pb-Ca) |
| Electrolyte | Gel (fumed silica) | Flooded (1.24 g/cm³ H₂SO₄) | AGM separator + acid |
| Float life (25 °C) | 20+ years | 20+ years (with watering) | 10-15 years |
| Cycle life (80 % DOD) | ≥ 1,500 | 1,500-2,500 | 500-1,000 |
| Maintenance | None (valve regulated) | Water top-up every 3-6 months | None |
| Operating temp charge | -30 to 65 °C | -30 to 55 °C | -20 to 45 °C |
| Self-discharge | ≤ 2 %/month | ≤ 3 %/month | ≤ 3 %/month |
| Container | ABS UL94 V-0 (opaque) | SAN (transparent) | ABS UL94 V-0 |
| Acid spill risk | None (gel) | Possible (flooded, vented) | None (sealed) |
| Installation orientation | Vertical | Vertical only | Any |
| TCO over 20 years | Low (1× buy, 0× replace) | Medium (1× buy, low maintenance) | High (2-3× replace) |
| Pick this for | Unmanned sites, wide temp, no maintenance | Trained staff on site, lowest upfront cost | Short-term backup, mobile, budget-limited |
FAQ — 7 Common Questions About OPzV2-500 2V500Ah
Q1. What is the actual difference between OPzV2-500 and OPzS2-500?
Both are 2 V, 500 Ah tubular plate single cells. The “V” in OPzV = valve regulated (gel, sealed, no watering). The “S” in OPzS = flooded (open, vented, requires distilled water top-up every 3-6 months). OPzV is preferred for unmanned or hard-to-access sites. OPzS is preferred for trained-staff sites where the lowest upfront cost matters more than zero maintenance.
Q2. Can I mix OPzV2-500 cells with old cells of different age?
No. Each cell in a string should be from the same manufacturing batch, with matched voltage and internal resistance. A new cell mixed with 5-year-old cells will be force-charged to match the older cells, shortening the new cell’s life. If you replace cells, replace the entire string (or at least a quarter of it) from the same batch.
Q3. How many OPzV2-500 cells do I need for a 48 V solar system?
24 cells in series gives 48 V DC. For a 1 kW solar system with 4 hours of backup, 24 cells of OPzV2-500 give 500 Ah at 48 V = 24 kWh. For 8 hours of backup, you need 2 parallel strings of 24 cells (1,000 Ah total, 48 kWh). Make sure the battery rack and cables are sized for the additional string.
Q4. What is the maximum inverter size for an OPzV2-500 2V500Ah bank?
A single OPzV2-500 cell can deliver ~1,000 A for 5 seconds (short-circuit). For continuous high-rate discharge, the practical limit is ~250 A (0.5 C₁₀). For a 48 V 24-cell string, that is 48 V × 250 A = 12 kW continuous per string. Two parallel strings deliver 24 kW. Beyond that, parallel more strings or use larger cells (OPzV2-1000, OPzV2-1500).
Q5. How do I know if my OPzV2-500 cells are aging?
Annual impedance testing. A new cell is ~0.45 mΩ. When impedance rises to ~0.7-0.8 mΩ (50-80 % increase), the cell is at end-of-life. A capacity test (full discharge to 1.80 V/cell at C₁₀) once every 5 years is the definitive check. If capacity is < 80 % of rated, replace the cell.
Q6. Does CHISEN supply the battery rack and cables?
Yes. CHISEN can supply steel battery racks (2-3 tier, seismic-rated for telecom, available in 24-cell / 48-cell / 108-cell configurations), tinned copper interconnecting cables, terminal lugs, and the battery monitoring system (BMS or cell voltage monitor). Ask for the “rack + cable + BMS” package when you request a quote.
Q7. What is the warranty on CHISEN OPzV2-500 2V500Ah?
Standard warranty is 36 months from delivery. For telecom / utility projects with extended warranty requirements, CHISEN can offer a 5-year or 7-year warranty at a small premium. Warranty covers manufacturing defects and premature capacity loss below 80 % of rated (verified by capacity test). Warranty does not cover damage from overcharge, undercharge, thermal abuse, physical impact, or use outside the published specifications.
Expert Summary
The OPzV2-500 2V500Ah tubular gel battery is the right cell when you need:
- Long float life (20+ years) at 25 °C ambient
- Zero maintenance (gel, valve regulated, no watering)
- Deep cycling capability (1,500+ cycles at 80 % DOD for solar)
- Wide operating temperature tolerance (gel chemistry, -30 to 65 °C charge)
- Industrial certifications (IEC 60896-21/22, DIN 40472, GB/T 19638.1-2014)
- Global export-ready documentation (MSDS, CO, IEC test report)
CHISEN Battery delivers the OPzV2-500 2V500Ah with full IEC 60896 test reports, factory-direct pricing, 20+ year brand history, and 60+ country export experience. Every cell ships with batch-matched voltage and resistance testing, and the company can configure racks, cables, BMS, and spare cells on the same purchase order.
For a telecom DC plant, industrial UPS, railway signaling system, or solar mini-grid that will operate 15-20 years, the OPzV2-500 2V500Ah from CHISEN is one of the most cost-effective long-life cells on the market.
CTA — Request a Quote or Free Sizing
CHISEN Battery (昌盛电池) — 20+ Year Tubular Battery Specialist
📧 Email: sales@chisen.cn (English / 中文 / Español / Français / العربية / Русский)
📱 Phone / WhatsApp: +86 131 6622 6999 (Jack Chen, Export Director)
🌐 Website: https://www.chisen.cn
💬 WhatsApp direct: wa.me/8613166226999
📋 Product page (CHISEN main site): https://www.chisen.cn/2V500Ah/OPzV2-500.html
What to send for a fast quote:
1. System DC voltage (48 V / 110 V / 220 V / 380 V)
2. Load in kW and required backup hours
3. Ambient temperature range and altitude
4. Target delivery date and destination port
5. Quantity and any OEM requirements (rack / cable / BMS / case color)
Reply within 24 hours with: complete datasheet + IEC test report + factory-direct price + FOB / CIF / DDP options + estimated lead time.
For sample orders (1-2 cells for evaluation), we ship by air within 7-10 days. For bulk orders (200+ cells), we ship by sea FOB Ningbo / Shanghai in 30-45 days.
About CHISEN Battery
CHISEN (昌盛) is a 20+ year Chinese lead-acid battery manufacturer founded in 2002. The company produces 200+ models across 2V / 6V / 8V / 12V, 4 Ah-3000 Ah, covering DZF (e-bike), DMF (motive), FD (front terminal), EVF (electric vehicle), GFM (fixed), OPzV (tubular gel), OPzS (tubular flooded), and lithium families. CHISEN ships to 60+ countries, supports OEM / ODM, and is certified to CE / RoHS / REACH / IEC 60896 / DIN 40472 / GB/T 19638 / Eurobat Long Life. Headquartered in Hangzhou, China, with manufacturing in Jiangsu Province.